New Mammal Species

One of the primary goals of field research is to document new species occurrences: a species new to science or remains of a species where they haven’t been found before. Most people think that naming a new species is the ultimate paleontological prize. Although finding and naming new species is an exciting and important part of being a field paleontologist, integrating new species into the “big picture” is actually of greater scientific value.

I am often asked whether the discoverer of a new species gets to name it. The short answer is “yes,” though there are a few caveats. First, to name a species, you have to do more than just discover it. You have to describe it. In other words, you need to write and publish a formal description of the animal in an academic journal or similar medium that follows all the rules set by the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature for how a new species must be named. If you do that then yes, you get to name the species whatever you want. However, it is bad form to name it after yourself, even if you discovered it. If someone else discovered the specimen, it is perfectly fine to name it after him or her. It is also common to name a species for where it was found, the geologic formation in which it was collected, or some distinctive feature of its anatomy. There are no rules about the derivation of a name – a new species can be named for a song or cartoonist or whatever you want. If there are several authors on a paper describing a new animal, then everyone much reach a consensus on what the new name should be. But within those bounds, there are no limits on what a species can be named.

Listed below are all of the new species I’ve had a hand in discovering or describing. I’ve included some general information about each one, and you can get the details from the cited publication, which is linked to the list of authors following the scientific name.

You may notice that the list of authors is sometimes in parentheses and sometimes not. When the author list is not surrounded by parentheses, it means we coined the name of both the genus (the first part of the scientific name) and the species (the second part of the name, technically known as the specific epithet). When the author list is surrounded by parentheses, it means that the genus name already existed, but that we named a new species belonging to it.

Additionally, you might notice that the author list year doesn’t always match the date on the publication if you follow the link. That is because there can be a significant lag between when the the article is published online and when it is assigned to a specific journal issue, and although it is better to cite the later date in a bibliography (because it includes the volume and issue number as well as the final page numbers), it is the earlier date that is the official date in terms of taxonomy and is listed with the authors of the name.

Altitypotherium_chucalensis

Palatal view of the holotype skull, anterior to the right.

Altitypotherium chucalensis Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2004
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Mesotheriidae
Type Locality: Chucal Fauna, northern Chile
Age: 19-17.5 million years old; Santacrucian SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named after the Altiplano, where the Chucal Fauna is located; “typotherium” is a common suffix for mesotheriid genera. The species is named after Chucal.

Altitypotherium_paucidens

Lateral view of the holotype rostrum, anterior to the left.

Altitypotherium paucidens Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2004
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Mesotheriidae
Type Locality: Chucal Fauna, northern Chile
Age: 19-17.5 million years old; early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named after the Altiplano, where the Chucal Fauna is located; “typotherium” is a common suffix for mesotheriid genera. The specific epithet means “few teeth” and refers to the characteristic lack of the third upper premolar in this species.

Andemys_termasi

Lateral view of the holotype lower jaw (which includes the base of the incisor and most of the four cheek teeth), anterior to the right.

Andemys termasi Bertrand, Flynn, Croft, and Wyss, 2012
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Dasyproctidae (pan-Dasyproctidae)
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named for the Andes Mountains, where the fossil was found. The specific epithet refers to Termas del Flaco, the town closest to the fossil locality of Tinguiririca.

Tinguiririca

Occlusal view of the holotype upper jaw bearing six teeth, anterior to the right.

Archaeotypotherium pattersoni (Croft, Bond, Flynn, Reguero, and Wyss, 2003)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Archaeohyracidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Santiago Roth in 1903. (Although the name includes “typotherium,” it is not a mesotheriid.) The specific epithet is named after Bryan Patterson, a well-known paleontologist who studied South American mammals.

Palatal view of a cast of the holotype palate, nose to the left

Palatal view of a cast of the holotype palate, anterior to the right.

Archaeotypotherium tinguiriricaense (Croft, Bond, Flynn, Reguero, and Wyss, 2003)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Archaeohyracidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Santiago Roth in 1903. (Even though the name includes “typotherium,” it is not a mesothere.) The specific epithet refers to Tinguiririca, the type locality.

Lateral view of the holotype lower jaw, which preserves most of two premolars and three molars, anterior to the right.

Australogale leptognathus Engelman, Anaya, and Croft 2018
Classification: Sparassodonta: Hathliacynidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name means “southern weasel,” since this was a somewhat weasel-like mammal from South America, and the specific epithet means “slender jaw,” in reference to the form of the holotype.

Bubalus_cebuensis

Reconstruction (by V. Simeonovski) compared to a modern water buffalo, a tamaraw, and a human.

Bubalus cebuensis Croft, Heaney, Flynn, and Bautista, 2006
Classification: Artiodactyla: Ruminantia: Bovidae: Bovinae
Type Locality: Cebu Island, Philippines
Age: unknown; probably < 10,000 years old (Holocene)
Etymology: The genus was named by Charles Hamilton-Smith in 1827. The species is named after Cebu Island, the type locality.

Cachiyacuy_contamanensis

Occlusal view of the holotype, a right upper second molar, anterior toward top of page.

Cachiyacuy contamanensis Antoine, Marivaux, Croft, Billet, Ganerød, Jaramillo, et al., 2012
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha
Type Locality: CTA-27, near Contamana, eastern Peru
Age: at least 41 million years old; middle Eocene, Casamayoran (Barrancan) SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named for the nearby Cachiyacu River and the Quechua (indigenous) word for guinea pig, cuy. The species is named after the nearby town of Contamana.

Cachiyacuy kummeli

Occlusal view of the right lower dentition, anterior to the right.

Cachiyacuy kummeli Antoine, Marivaux, Croft, Billet, Ganerød, Jaramillo, et al., 2012
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha
Type Locality: CTA-27, near Contamana, eastern Peru
Age: at least 41 million years old; middle Eocene, Casamayoran (Barrancan) SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named for the nearby Cachiyacu River and the Quechua (indigenous) word for guinea pig, cuy. The species is named after Bernhard Kummel, a geologist who mapped the rocks in the area in the 1940s.

Canaanimys_maquiensis

Reconstruction by Maëva Orliac.

Canaanimys maquiensis Antoine, Marivaux, Croft, Billet, Ganerød, Jaramillo, et al., 2012
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha
Type Locality: CTA-27, near Contamana, eastern Peru
Age: at least 41 million years old; middle Eocene, Casamayoran (Barrancan) SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named for Canaan, a nearby indigenous (Shipibo) community; “mys” means mouse and is a common suffix for rodent genera. The species is named after Maquía, the area where the type locality is located.

Caraguatypotherium_munozi

Lateral view of the holotype skull, anterior to the right

Caraguatypotherium munozi Flynn, Croft, Charrier, Wyss, Hérail, and García, 2005
Classification: Notoungulata: Toxodontia: Mesotheriidae
Type Locality: Caragua, northern Chile
Age: probably 12-10 million years old; middle or late Miocene, Mayoan SALMA (?)
Etymology: The genus is named for Caragua; “typotherium” is a common suffix for mesotheriid genera. The species is named after Nelson Muñoz, the Chilean geologist who discovered the specimen.

Chilestylops holotype

Occlusal view (photo above, line drawing below) of the left upper teeth of the holotype, anterior to left.

Chilestylops davidsoni Bradham, Flynn, Croft, and Wyss, 2015
Classification: Notoungulata: Notostylopidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus combines Chile, the country where the holotype was found, with “stylops,” the common suffix for notostylopid names. The species is named for John Davidson, a geologist who made important studies of the area in the early 1970s.

Chimeralestes

Lateral view of holotype dentary (preserving partial m2 and complete m3-4), anterior to right.

Chimeralestes ambiguus Engelman, Anaya, and Croft, 2016
Classification: Paucituberculata: Palaeothentidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name combines “Chimera,’ in reference to the mixture of features present in this species, with “lestes,” meaning robber or thief, a common suffix for palaeothentids. The specific epithet refers to its uncertain phylogenetic position in its family.

The holotype, two halves of the lower jaw, as it was found in the field. It mostly consists of natural molds, but the white areas are fossilized bone and teeth.

Chlorocyon phantasma Engelman, Flynn, Gans, Wyss, and Croft 2018
Classification: Sparassodonta: Borhyaenoidea
Type Locality: Los Helados, central Chile
Age: 37-36 million years old; late Eocene, Mustersan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name combines “Chloro” (green), in reference to the color of the sediments in which the specimen was found, and “cyon” (dog) a common suffix for sparassodonts. The specific epithet means “ghost” in Greek and alludes to the fact that the holotype is mostly a natural mold of the actual jaws.

Colpodon_antucoensis

Oblique occlusal view of the left side of the holotype palate, anterior to the left.

Colpodon antucoensis (Shockey, Flynn, Croft, Gans, and Wyss, 2012)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Leontiniidae
Type Locality: Laguna del Laja, south-central Chile
Age: about 19.5 million years old; early Miocene, Colhuehuapian SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Burmeister in 1885. The species is named after Volcán Antuco, a picturesque volcano near the fossil locality.

Elmerriggsia_fieldia

Occlusal view of the right upper teeth of the holotype, anterior to the right (from Patterson 1934).

Elmerriggsia fieldia Shockey, Flynn, Croft, Gans, and Wyss, 2012
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Leontiniidae
Type Locality: Pico Truncado, Santa Cruz Province, southern Argentina
Age: 29-27 million years old; late Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA
Etymology: The genus is named for Elmer Riggs, who collected this and many other specimens for the Field Museum in 1924 as leader of the fist Marshall Field Expedition. The species is named after the museum and the expedition.
Eomakhaira molossusLateral view (photo and CT reconstruction) of the holotype partial cranium, anterior to the left. Eomakhaira molossus Engelman, Flynn, Wyss, and Croft, 2020
Classification: Sparassodonta: Proborhyaenidae
Type Locality: Cachapoal Fauna, central Chile
Age: probably 33-31 million years old (uncertain); early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus comes from the Greek words for “dawn” and “large knife” and refers to its status as an early relative of saber-toothed marsupials. The specific epithet is a word used to refer to short-snouted dogs and refers to the short snout of this species.

Eomorphippus

Lateral view of the holotype partial cranium, anterior to the right.

Eomorphippus bondi (Wyss, Flynn, and Croft, 2018)
Classification: Notoungulata: Notohippidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1901. The specific epithet honors Mariano Bond, an Argentine expert in native South American ungulates, particularly those of the Eocene and Oligocene.

Occlusal view of the holotype lower jaw, anterior to right.

Eomorphippus neilopdykei (Wyss, Flynn, and Croft, 2018)
Classification: Notoungulata: Notohippidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1901. The specific epithet honors the US geologist Neil Opdyke.

Eotypotherium_chico

Occlusal view of a referred left upper jaw bearing 3.5 teeth (two premolars, and 1.5 molars), anterior to left.

Eotypotherium chico Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2004
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Mesotheriidae
Type Locality: Chucal, northern Chile
Age: 19-17.5 million years old; early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA
Etymology: The genus name includes the prefix “Eo” (dawn) in reference to the early age and basal position of this species; “typotherium” is a common suffix for mesotheriid genera. The specific epithet chico, Spanish for small, refers to the small size of the species.

Eoviscaccia_frassinettii

Occlusal view of the holotype right lower jaw, which includes four mostly-complete cheek teeth. Anterior to the left.

Eoviscaccia frassinettii (Bertrand, Flynn, Croft, and Wyss, 2012)
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Chinchillidae (pan-Chinchillidae)
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Vucetich in 1989. The species is named after Daniel Frassinetti, a Chilean paleontologist, collaborator, and friend.

Occlusal view of the holotype right lower jaw, which preserves the last premolar and all three molars. Anterior to the right.

Hegetotherium cerdasensis (Croft, Carlini, Ciancio, Brandoni, Drew, Engelman, and Anaya, 2016)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Hegetotheriidae
Type Locality: Cerdas, southwest Bolivia
Age: 16.3-15.1 million years old; middle Miocene, Colloncuran SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Ameghino in 1887. The species is named for the fossil locality where it was discovered.

Hemihegetotherium_trilobus

Reconstruction by V. Simeonovski. Copyright D. Croft.

Hemihegetotherium trilobus (Croft and Anaya, 2006)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Hegetotheriidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Rovereto in 1914. The species is named for its characteristic three-lobed last lower molar (m3).

Holotype lower jaw as viewed from above, front toward right.

LLullutaruca shockeyi McGrath, Anaya, and Croft, 2018
Classification: Litopterna: Macraucheniidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus means “false deer” in Quechua, an indigenous language of Bolivia, as this animal may have occupied an ecological niche similar to some modern deer. The specific epithet honors paleontologist Bruce Shockey, who has studied the paleobiology of native South American ungulates and worked extensively in Bolivia.

Mesoprocta_hypsodus

Reconstruction by V. Simeonovski. Copyright D. Croft.

Mesoprocta hypsodus Croft, Chick, and Anaya, 2011
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Dasyproctidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name refers to the middle latitudes of South America (Meso) and to the family (procta). The specific epithet refers to its high-crowned teeth.

Miochinchilla plurinacionalis

Holotype right jaw as viewed from above, front toward right.

Miochinchilla plurinacionalis Croft, Flynn, Wyss, Charrier, and Anaya, 2021
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Chinchillidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name refers to the Miocene epoch (Mio) and its close relationship to modern chinchillas. The specific epithet refers to the Plurinacional State of Bolivia, the official name of Bolivia.

Miochinchilla surirense

Reconstruction by V. Simeonovski. Copyright D. Croft.

Miochinchilla surirense Croft, Flynn, Wyss, Charrier, and Anaya, 2021
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Chinchillidae
Type Locality: Chucal, northern Chile
Age: 19-17.5 million years old; early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA
Etymology: The genus name refers to the Miocene epoch (Mio) and its close relationship to modern chinchillas. The specific epithet refers to Salar de Surire, a large salt flat (part of the Lauca Biosphere Reserve) located near the type locality of Chucal.

Miocochilius federicoi

Occlusal view of the holotype palate, anterior to the right.

Miocochilius federicoi (Croft, 2007)
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Interatheriidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Robert Stirton in 1953. The species is named for Federico Anaya, in honor of his contributions to vertebrate paleontology in Bolivia.

O. akilachuta

Partial lower jaw with three teeth, anterior to the right.

Olisanophus akilachuta McGrath, Anaya, and Croft, 2020
Classification: Litopterna: Proterotheriidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name is an anagram of Anisolophus, a genus of proterotheriids from Argentina. The species means “fast resident of the Altiplano” in Quechua and alludes to the fact that proterotheriids were relatively well adapted for running.

O. riorosarioensis

Occlusal view of the upper teeth of the holotype, anterior toward the right

Olisanophus riorosarioensis McGrath, Anaya, and Croft, 2020
Classification: Litopterna: Proterotheriidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name is an anagram of Anisolophus, a genus of proterotheriids from Argentina. The species is named for the town (and locality) of Río Rosario, a local area within the Quebrada Honda Basin.

P. relictus

Lateral view of the holotype dentary (the two teeth are m1-2), anterior to right.

Palaeothentes relictus (Engelman, Anaya, and Croft, 2016)
Classification: Paucituberculata: Palaeothentidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1897. The specific epithet refers to the species’ status as one of the last known members of its family.

P. serratus

Medial view of the holotype dentary, anterior to right.

Palaeothentes serratus (Engelman, Anaya, and Croft, 2016)
Classification: Paucituberculata: Palaeothentidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1897. The specific epithet, which means saw-like, refers to the extra cusp on the last lower premolar of this species.

Parapropalaeohoplophorus_septentrionalis

Reconstruction by V. Simeonovski. Copyright D. Croft.

Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2007
Classification: Xenarthra: Cingulata: Glyptodontidae
Type Locality: Chucal, northern Chile
Age: 19-17.5 million years old; early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA
Etymology: The genus name means “near Propalaehoplophorus,” in reference to a well known glyptodont from Argentina; it continues the trend of adding prefixes to Hoplophorus (See Simpson, 1980:87-88). The specific epithet means “northern” and alludes to the location of Chucal in within Chile.

Left upper teeth, anterior to left.

Left upper teeth of the holotype (photo above, line drawing below), anterior to left.

Periphragnis vicentei (Bradham, Flynn, Croft, and Wyss, 2015)
Classification: Notoungulata: Toxodontia: Homalodotheriidae (probably)
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Santiago Roth in 1899. The species is named for Jean-Claude Vicente, a geologist who made important studies of the area in the early 1970s.

Protarchaeohyrax_intermedium

Occlusal view of a referred palate, anterior to the right

Protarchaeohyrax intermedium Reguero, Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2003
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Archaeohyracidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus means “first Archaeohyrax.” The species is named for its intermediate size relative to other members of the genus.

Protarchaeohyrax_minor

Occlusal view of the holotype, three teeth of the upper jaw

Protarchaeohyrax minor Reguero, Croft, Flynn, and Wyss, 2003
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Archaeohyracidae
Type Locality: Cañadón Blanco, Chubut, Argentina
Age: approx. 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: The genus means “first Archaeohyrax.” The species is named for its small size relative to other members of the genus.

Punahyrax bondesioi

Occlusal (left) and lingual (right) views of the holotype, an isolated third molar from the left lower jaw.

Punahyrax bondesioi Reguero, Croft, López, and Alonso, 2008
Classification: Notoungulata: Typotheria: Hegetotheria: Archaeohyracidae
Type Locality: Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca province, Argentina
Age: Unknown, perhaps 45-35 million years old; late Eocene, Mustersan? SALMA
Etymology: “Puna” means “a high land region” in the indigenous language of the region (Quechua) and “hyrax” is a common suffix for archaeohyracid genera. The specific epithet honors Dr. Pedro Bondesio, an esteemed Argentine paleontologist.

Quebradahondomys_potosiensis

Reconstruction by V. Simeonovski. Copyright D. Croft.

Quebradahondomys potosiensis Croft, Chick, and Anaya, 2011
Classification: Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Echimyidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus name refers to the fossil locality. The specific epithet honors Potosí, where the Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías is located.

Holotype partial right upper jaw (in two pieces) with six cheek teeth, anterior to right.

Termastherium flacoensis Wyss, Flynn, and Croft, 2018
Classification: Notoungulata: Leontiniidae
Type Locality: Tinguiririca Fauna, central Chile
Age: 33-31 million years old; early Oligocene, Tinguirirican SALMA
Etymology: Both the genus and specific epithet refer to Termas del Flaco, the small town closest to the fossil locality of Tinguiririca.

Holotype cranium of ‘Theosodon’ arozquetai, anterior toward the right.

‘Theosodon’ arozquetai (McGrath, Anaya, and Croft, 2018)
Classification: Litopterna: Macraucheniidae
Type Locality: Quebrada Honda, southern Bolivia
Age: 13-12 million years old; middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
Etymology: The genus was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1887. It is in quotation marks because we are uncertain if the species actually pertains to the genus. The specific epithet honors Bethel Arozqueta of the Universidad ‘Juan Misael Saracho’ of Tarija, Bolivia, who participated in some of the first visits to the site in the last 1970s and early 1980s.
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